Unix File Permission

Unix File Permission Command Breakdown

$ 0 123 456 789

Position:

• 0: The thing: d(directory), l(symlink), s(socket), -(file)
• 1,2,3: Directory or file’s owner read, write, execute permission
• 4,5,6: Directory or file’s group read, write, execute permission
• 7,8,9: Directory or file’s other users read, write, execute permission

Execute Permission Effect

Effect of execute permission set to TRUE:

• On directory: User with permission can CD into that directory
• On file: User with permission can run that file: e.g. php my_script.php

Read/Write Permission Effect on Directory

• READ = TRUE: User with permission can list content of directory with ls
• WRITE = TRUE: User with permission can move/delete the directory (can delete only if it’s empty)
• WRITE & EXECUTE = TRUE => User with permission can add/remove content within the directory. Can delete directory even if it’s not empty.

Change Permission

$ chmod [-R] u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rwx path

• R: Change the permission recursively (if path is a directory)
• u: Set the permission for user
• g: Set the permission for group
• o: Set the permission for other users
• path: The path of the directory or file

For example:

$ chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o=rw test.txt

# You can combine it like this:
$ chmod u=rwx,go=rw test.txt

If you don’t want to give any permission, leave it empty:

# Other users don't have any permission
$ chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o= test.txt

You may update permission partially:

# Only update group permission, leave the rest as it is
$ chmod g=rwx test.txt

You can also add a permission with (+) or removing it with minus(-):

# Removing execute permission from group, adding read & write permissions for other user
$ chmod g-x,o+rw

You can also change the permission with octal number. You need to calculate the total of each permission:

• READ = 4
• WRITE = 2
• EXECUTE = 1

We can translate this:

$ chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o= test.txt

Into this:

$ chmod 750 test.txt

Change Ownership

$ chown [-R] user path

• R: Change the ownership recursively on a directory
• user: The target user that will own the directory/file
• path: The directory/file path

We can also set along the group with chown command:

$ chown [-R] user:group path

If you want to update only the group you can use:

$ chgrp [-R] group path